Report dated 1 May 1996 of the Secretary-General's Military Adviser concerning
the shelling of the United Nations compound at Qana on 18 April 1996
Introduction
1. On 18 April 1996, shortly after 1400 hours local time, the headquarters
compound of the Fijian battalion of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL)
came under fire by Israeli artillery. At the time, more than 800 Lebanese had sought
refuge inside the compound, which is located in the village of Qana. An estimated 100
persons were killed and a larger number wounded. Four United Nations soldiers were
wounded. There was extensive damage.
2. The same day, you directed that I travel to the area to investigate the incident and to
identify steps that could be taken to prevent a recurrence.
3. I left New York on the evening of 18 April and arrived on 20 April at UNIFIL
headquarters at Naqoura, where I was briefed by Major-General Stanislaw Wozniak, UNIFIL
Force Commander, and his staff. I was accompanied by Lietenant-Colonel Geoffrey Dodds of
my staff and assisted in the field by two UNIFIL officers with expertise in artillery and
ordnance.
4. My team and I visited the United Nations compound at Qana several times, met with the
commanding officer of the Fijian battalion and interviewed eyewitnesses to the attack.
These included members of the Fijian battalion, members of the Force Mobile Reserve,
Lebanese army officers and others. A detailed survey of the area was carried out. In
Beirut, I met with the Minister of Defence of Lebanon, Mr. Mohsen Dalloul, and with the
commander of the Lebanese Army, General Emile Lahoud (both on 22 April).
5. I held three meetings with representatives of the Israel Defence Forces: first, with
the Deputy Chief of General Staff, Major-General Matnan Vilnai (21 April), and later with
the Chief of General Staff, Lieutenant-General Amnon Shahak (25 April), and with the
commander of the Northern Command, Major-General Amiram Levine (25 April). In addition, I
visited the Israeli artillery battalion that had carried out the shelling (21 April).
Israeli account of events
6. On 21 April, I met with Major-General Vilnai at Tel Aviv and visited the
artillery battalion. On both occasions, the Director of Israeli artillery,
Brigadier-General Dan Harel, was also present. He, I was told, had investigated the
shelling incident. The Israeli officers gave the following account of the incident:
(a) In the early afternoon of 18 April, and Israeli patrol had come under fire emanating
from Qana. The precise location of the patrol was not given, except that it was close to
the "red line", which is a line on Israeli maps that marks the northern edge of
the Israeli-controlled areas in southern Lebanon. Mortar shells had fallen as close as 40
metres to the patrol, which had requested assistance. The Israeli forces had initiated
rescue fire procedures.
(b) At 1352 and 1358 hours, respectively, Israeli locating radar had identified two
separate targets in Qana from where fire had originated. The first target was located 200
metres or so south-west of the United Nations compound. The second target was located some
350 metres south-east of the compound. The data had been sent automatically to the
Northern Command and to an artillery battalion located on the Israel-Lebanon border, about
12 kilometres from the sea. The battalion comprises three batters with four guns each. It
is equipped with M-109A2 guns (15-millimetre calibre). When the battalion received the
data, it checked the targets on a map and found that one of the two locations was between
200 to 300 metres from the United Nations position at Qana. The commanding officer had
therefore sought instructions from Northern Command, which rechecked the data and gave
permission to fire. This decision had not been taken lightly; officers of some seniority
had been involved.
(c) When the order to fire came, the first target had been engaged by one battery, using
all four guns. Thirty-eight shells (high-explosive) had been fired, about two thirds with
impact fuses and one third with proximity fuses. (Proximity fuses cause a round to explode
in the air above the target; they are often used for anti-personnel fire.) The two types
of fuses had been employed in random order. Convergence fire had been used so that the
impacts would be concentrated in the target area. Regrettably, a few rounds had overshot
and hit the United Nations compound.
(d) The commanding officer of the artillery battalion had no satisfactory explanation why
so many shells had fallen some 200 meters north of the intended target (see that attached
sketch). Asked if he had shifted fire during the shelling, he said he had not; he added
that the mission had taken only three to four minutes (the time given by the Israeli
forces was from 1407 to 1412 hours) and there would have been no time to change target
data.
(e) We questioned the commanding officer about the procedures employed in the firing. his
replies indicated a high professional standard.
(f) The second target had been engaged by another battery located in the same position. It
had fired 40 rounds, from 1411 to 1417 hours.
(g) In response to repeated questions, the Israeli interlocutors stated that there had
been no Israeli aircraft, helicopters or remotely piloted vehicles (RPV) in the air over
Qana before, during or after the shelling. (These would have enabled the Israeli forces to
observe the target area and adjust their fire.) However, at my request, General Vilnai
promised on 21 April to look into this question again. On 26 April, Brigadier-General
David Tzur, Chief Israeli Liaison Officer to Foreign Forces, confirmed in writing that
there were "no choppers or Mini-RPVs flying above the area of Qana on 18 April,
before or during the incident".
7. The Israeli officers stated that the Israeli forces were not aware at the time of the
shelling that a large number of Lebanese civilians had taken refuge in the Qana compound.
I did not pursue this question since I considered it irrelevant because the United Nations
compound was not a legitimate target, whether or not civilians were in it. 8. The Israeli
officers emphasized that it was not Israeli policy to target civilians or the United
Nations. On the contrary, the Israeli forces had made every effort to avoid the loss of
innocent lives. The incident at Qana was therefore all the more deeply regretted.
Events prior to the shelling
9. My team and I questioned a number of witnesses on the activities of
Hezbollah fighters in Qana prior to the incident. The following was found:
(a) Between 1200 and 1400 hours on 18 April, Hezbollah fighters fired two or three rockets
from a location 350 metres south-east of the United Nations compound. The location was
identified on the ground.
(b) Between 1230 and 1300 hours, they fired four or five rockets from location 600 metres
south-east of the compound. The location was identified on the ground.
(c) About 15 minutes before the shelling, they fired between five and eight rounds of 120
millimetre mortar from a location 220 metres south-west of the centre of the compound. The
location was identified on the ground. According to witnesses, the mortar was installed
there between 1100 and 1200 hours that day, but no action was taken by UNIFIL personnel to
remove it. (On 15 April, a Fijian had been shot in the chest as he tried to prevent
Hezbollah fighters from firing rockets.)
(d) The United Nations compound at Qana had taken a large number of Lebanese seeking
shelter from Israeli bombardments. By Sunday, 14 April, 745 persons were in the compound.
On 18 April, the day of the shelling, their number is estimated to have been well over
800. When the Fijian soldiers heard the mortar being fired not far from their compound,
they began immediately to move as many of the civilians as possible into shelters so that
they would be protected from any Israeli retaliation.
(e) At some point (it is not completely clear whether before or after the shelling), two
or three Hezbollah fighters entered the United Nations compound, where their families
were.
Survey of impact area
10. The technical survey of the impacts of the Israeli shells yielded the
following information:
(a) Thirty-six impacts were found in the Qana area. Shell fragments of 155-millimetre
calibre were found throughout the United Nations compound. The distribution of the impacts
was uneven; there were two distinct areas where the impacts were concentrated and two
"stray" impacts.
(b) The first concentration of impacts was centred about 100 metres to the south of the
United Nations compound, on a group of houses some 75 metres north-west of the mortar
firing point. In all, 17 shells (16 with impact fuses, 1 with proximity fuse) landed south
of the United Nations compound.
(c) The second concentration of impacts was centred on the middle of the United Nations
compound. Given the number and state of the casualties and the destruction caused by the
shelling, a major clean-up operation had to be launched immediately after the end of the
shelling. This resulted in the loss of important evidence. However, there was substantial
evidence of multiple proximity-fused artillery ammunition detonating directly above the
compound, covering a large portion of its area. While the exact number cannot be
determined, the available evidence suggests that eight such projectiles detonated over the
compound and one just outside it. There was also evidence that five high-explosive
point-detonating projectiles detonated in the compound and three close to it. In sum,
evidence was found of 13 detonations inside or directly above the compound and 4 very
close to it.
(d) Almost all the proximity fuses were used in the area of the United Nations compound.
(e) Despite an extensive aerial and ground search, no impacts were found at the second
target area identified by the Israeli forces (350 metres south-south-east of the United
Nations compound), although evidence was found that rockets had been launched from a site
nearby.
11. Several witnesses reported that during the shelling there had been a perceptible shift
in the weight of fire from an area south-west of the compound (the mortar site) to the
compound itself.
12. Several witnesses stated that they saw an RPV over the Qana area before, during and
after the shelling. Two helicopters were seen 2 kilometres south-east of the United
Nations compound during the shelling and one was observed close to the compound after the
shelling had finished. The presence of one helicopter and an RPV was documented on a video
tape, which covers the latter part of the shelling. It was taken by a member of the Force
Mobile Reserve from a position overlooking the United Nations compound at Qana from a
distance of about 1.5 kilometres. The RPV on the tape was of a type with a real-time data
link capability.
Findings
13. The following are my findings:
(a) The distribution of impacts at Qana shows two distinct concentrations, whose mean
points of impact are about 140 metres apart. If the guns were converged, as stated by the
Israeli forces, there should have been only one main point of impact.
(b) The pattern of impacts is inconsistent with a normal overshooting of the declared
target (the mortar site) by a few rounds, as suggested by the Israeli forces.
(c) During the shelling, there was a perceptible shift in the weight of fire from the
mortar site to the United Nations compound.
(d) The distribution of point impact detonations and air bursts makes it improbable that
impact fuses and proximity fuses were employed in random order, as stated by the Israeli
forces.
(e) There were no impacts in the second target area which the Israeli forces claim to have
shelled.
(f) Contrary to repeated denials, two Israeli helicopters and a remotely piloted vehicle
were present in the Qana area at the time of the shelling.
While the possibility cannot be ruled out completely, it is unlikely that the shelling of
the United Nations compound was the result of gross technical and/or procedural errors.
Preventing a recurrence
14. On 19 April, General Levine informed General Wozniak of new precautions
adopted by the Israeli forces with regard to firing at targets near United Nations
positions. I recommend that these measures be reviewed and confirmed at the political
level.
(signed) Franklin VAN KAPPEN
Major-General, Military Adviser